| Notes |
- "JOHNSTONE, Samuel, governor of North Carolina, was born in Dundee, Scotland, Dec. 15, 1733; son of John Johnstone and nephew of Gabriel Johnstone, governor of the province of North Carolina, 1734-52. Samuel's father immigrated to the province of North Carolina in 1736, and settled near Edenton, where Samuel was educated and where he practised law and served as naval officer and clerk of Chowan superior court, I767-72. He was a member of the house of burgesses, 1769; a member of the first and second and moderator of the third and fourth provincial congresses, 1774-76; chairman of the provincial council of August, 1775; treasurer of the northern part of the province, 1775; and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1780-82. He was a delegate to the first two conventions called to consider the adoption of the Federal constitution, 1777-78, and president of the [p.122] third convention, which ratified it in 1781. He was governor of the state, 1787-89; U.S. senator for the short term, 1789-93, and judge of the supreme court of the state, 1800-03. He died at Sherwarkey, near Edenton, N.C., Aug, 18, 1816."
Source: Johnson, Rossiter (editor). Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vols. 1-10. Boston, MA: The Biographical Society, 1904.
"Born in Scotland as the nephew of NC Royal Governor Gabriel Johnston, Samuel Johnston came to Onslow County at the age of three. He obtained his education in New England, served in the NC General Assembly, and as the NC Clerk of Superior Court. As a supporter of the colonial revolt, he served as president of one of the provincial congresses and actually was governor during the flight of Governor Martin and before the election of Governor Caswell. Johnston was elected NC governor in 1787, during the decade following the American Revolution. After serving as governor, he served as in the United States Senate. When he returned to North Carolina, he was appointed to the state Superior Court and was known as one of the outstanding citizens of the state and a sound lawyer. His home, "Hayes," was in Chowan County and was a fine example of colonial architecture in North Carolina."
Source information: North Carolina Governors. Education and Technology Division, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, State of North Carolina. March 30, 2005. http://www.itpi.dpi.state.nc.us/governors/Johnson.html [From the website "Many of the pictures and text in this section are courtesy of the book, NORTH CAROLINA GOVERNORS: 1585-1974, by Beth G. Crabtree. The book was published by the State Department of Archives and History, Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1974. The remaining pictures were provided by State Department of Archives and History."
"JOHNSTON, Samuel, a Delegate and a Senator from North Carolina; born in Dundee, Scotland, December 15, 1733; immigrated to the United States in 1736 with his parents, who settled in Chowan County, N.C.; attended school in New England; studied law in North Carolina, admitted to the bar, and practiced in that State; member, State assembly 1760-1775; clerk of the courts for the Edenton District; deputy naval officer for the port of Edenton; member of the Committee of Correspondence 1773; delegate to the first four provincial congresses and president of the third and fourth; colonial treasurer; member at large of the provincial Council of Safety, and district paymaster of troops 1775; member, State senate 1779, 1783, and 1784; Member of the Continental Congress 1780-1781, and elected first President after the Articles of Confederation were signed, but declined to serve; presided over the State conventions of 1788 and 1789; elected Governor of North Carolina and was twice reelected but resigned in 1789 to become a United States Senator; elected to the United States Senate and served from November 27, 1789, to March 3, 1793; judge of the superior court of North Carolina 1800-1803; died near Edenton, Chowan County, N.C., August 17, 1816; interment in the Johnston Burial Ground on the Hayes plantation, near Edenton, N.C."
Source information: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-Present. March 31, 2005. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000198 {this website lists their source as American National Biography; Dictionary of American Biography; Connor, R.D.W. Samuel Johnston, Governor of North Carolina, 1787-1789. Raleigh: Edward & Broughton Printing Co., 1912.}
"Hayes, the beautiful colonial residence of Gov. Samuel Johnston, was built in 1801. After the Governor's death it was occupied by his son, James C. Johnston, who bequeathed it to Edward Wood, father of the present owner. Hayes is situated on Edenton Bay about a mile outside the town limits. A beautiful avenue of cedars leads up to this stately and picturesque mansion. Its extensive grounds are ornamented by artistic shrubbery, bowers of roses, stately elms, sycamores and oaks, and the beautiful and fragrant magnolia.
The architecture of Hayes is unique. The large central building, with its beautiful Corinthian columns, portico and cupola, is connected by a colonnade with capacious wings extending to the north and south. The large dining room on the left of the broad central hall is finished in black walnut cut from the woods skirting Roanoke River by the Johnston slaves many years previous to the Civil War. The walls of this room are literally lined with handsome portraits of the noted Americans of Johnston's day: Webster, Clay, Gaston, Marshall, Governors Morehead and Graham, and Judges Badger and Nash. The library which occupies the north wing of the mansion is octagonal in design. It contains about five thousand volumes; rare old books in costly bindings, in a perfect state of preservation, and manuscripts of historic interest, including letters and papers of John Paul Jones, once a guest at Hayes, Johnston's Revolutionary correspondence, letters from Jefferson, Adams, Anthony Wayne, John Sevier, Robert Morris and other men of note. A most interesting relic in this collection is a copy of The New Bern Gazette, published in 1775, just after the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. On the walls of the library hang the portraits of Gov. Samuel Johnston, James C. Johnston, Judge Iredell, John Stanley, Gavin Hogg, Judge Ruffin and Thomas Baker, the latter done by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Around the cornice are the busts of Washington, Webster, Clay, Hamilton, Marshall, Zachary Taylor, John Jay, DeWitt Clinton, Chancellor Kent and James Pettigrew."
Source Information: Pool, Betty Freshwater. Literature in the Albermarle. Baltimore, MD: The Baltimore City Printing and Binding Co., 1915. 163-164. Joyner Library. East Carolina University. Mar. 30, 2005 http://www.lib.ecu.edu/ncc/historyfiction/document/pol/entire.html
"Left from Edenton on Front St. and across Johnston's Bridge to HAYES, 0.5 m. (private), the plantation of Samuel Johnston, Governor of North Carolina in 1787 and the first U. S. Senator from North Carolina. He built the spacious house in 1801, naming it for Sir Walter Ralegh's English estate. The main building is connected with wings by colonnades. In the house is a valuable collection of steel engravings and portraits by Reynolds, Sully and other artists fashionable in their day. The catalog of the 5,000 library volumes, written with a quill pen, looks as though it had been engraved.
The unpaved Soundside Rd. E. of Hayes was used by early settlers, who were following an old Chowan Indian trail. Doubling and redoubling upon itself, the road passes several plantations created in Colonial times, and at the mouth of the Yeopim River reaches DRUMMOND'S POINT, 8 m., named for Governor William Drummond."
Source Information: Compiled by the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration. Sponsored by Charles L. Terry, Jr., Secretary of State, Dover, Delaware. The Ocean Highway: New Brunswick, New Jersey to Jacksonville, Florida, American Guide Series. New York: Modern Age Books, Inc., 1938. North Carolina Digital and Fiction Library. Joyner Library. East Carolina University. March 31, 2005. http://www.lib.ecu.edu/ncc/historyfiction/document/oce/entire.html
"Samuel Johnston Jr. (1733-1816) and his sister were reared by the Starkey family of Swansboro. He studied law in New England and in 1754 he settled in Edenton at a plantation called "Hayes." He represented Chowan County in the Colonial Assembly and in 1776, he embraced the American cause and served in the Provincial Congress. After the Revolution he became a Federalist; was elected governor in 1787; later U.S. Senator; and in 1800, was appointed as Superior Court Judge."
Source Information: Moore, Claude. "The Johnston Family Connection, Our Heritage", Wayne County, North Carolina Heritage Series. USGenweb Archives. March 31, 2005. http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nc/wayne/heritage/johnston2.txt
"Johnston, Samuel, senator, born in Dundee, Scotland, 15 December, 1733; died near Edenton, North Carolina, 18 August, 1816, came to this country in 1736 with his father, John, who settled in North Carolina, and acquired large estates there. Samuel was educated for the bar, and in 1767-'72 was clerk of the superior court of Chowan county, North Carolina, and at the same time a naval officer under the crown. He soon became known as a politician and lawyer, was an ardent patriot, a member of the assembly in 1769, where he was placed on its standing committee of inquiry and correspondence, an active member of the first two Provincial congresses, and presided over the third and fourth. In August, 1775, he was elected chairman of the provincial council, and virtually became governor of the state.
He was chosen treasurer of the northern district of North Carolina in September of that year, was a member of the Continental congress of 1781-'2. In July 1781 he was the first man elected as President of the United States in Congress Assembled under the newly ratified Articles of Confederation. He refused to accept the US Presidency and the following day Thomas McKean was elected President.
In 1788 elected governor of North Carolina, presiding over the convention that failed to ratify the Federal constitution, which he supported with all his influence. In the following year he also presided over the convention that adopted the constitution. In 1789-'93 he was a member of the United States senate, as a Federalist, and in February, 1800, was appointed judge of the superior court, resigning in 1803."
Source information: Klos, Sam. "Samuel Johnston". Virtual American Biographies. Edited Appleton's Encyclopedia. Virtualogy, 2001. March 31, 2005. http://www.famousamericans.net/samueljohnston/ [Note from the website: "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 & edited Stanley L. Klos, 1999 is a historic document. We realize the biographies contain 19th Century errors and rely on volunteers to edit historic biographies on a continual basis. If you would like to edit this biography please submit a rewritten biography in text form . If acceptable, the new biography will be published above the 19th Century Appleton's Cyclopedia Biography citing the volunteer editor."]
"The growing fame and prosperity of Edenton in the last year before the Revolution attracted to Chowan some of the most remarkable and gifted men of the age." (Cradle of the Colony: The History of Chowan County and Edenton, NC, by Dr. Thomas Paramore, 1967, page 26). Samuel Johnston, a "leader in Revolutionary activities in North Carolina" (Guidebook: Historic Edenton and Chowan County, 1984 edition), was a member of the Continental Congress in 1771. He was also governor of North Carolina from 1787 to 1789. Joseph Hewes, who was educated at Princeton, opened a shipyard in Edenton due to the maritime commerce in the area. He later signed the Declaration of Independence. Another famous Edenton resident was James Iredell, Attorney General for North Carolina and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Homes for several of these and other illustrious leaders are included on the Historic Tour of Edenton and Chowan County."
Source Information: "Chowan County, A Brief County, History." Education Technology Divsion, North Carolina Department of Instruction, State of North Carolina. March 31, 2005. http://www.itpi.dpi.state.nc.us/counties/Chowan/chhistry.html
"The Edenton Academy, a private white school, was chartered in 1770 by Joseph Blount, Joseph Hewes, George Blair and Samuel Johnston. The first Academy was built in 1891 by contractor J. W. Spruill on Court Street between East Church and East Queen Streets. In 1895 a new academy (shown) was built on the same site and used as a public white school until Edenton Graded School, a brick building was erected in 1916. The Academy had a central hall with two classrooms on either side."
Source Information: Van Camp, Louis. mages of America, Edenton and Chowan County, North Carolina. 105 Vassar Place, Washinton, D.C. 27889. Website title: "Carolina Images, North Carolina Books and Authors". March 31, 2005. http://www.ncimage.com/EdentonBook.html
"No further Stamp Act incident occurred in the Lower Cape Fear until December 20, when a crowd assembled at Wilmington for the ceremonial publication of Tryon’s commission as governor. Samuel Johnston, an Edenton lawyer and a shrewd observer of colonial affairs, described the events of the day:
'Capt. Phipps brought the Gov.r up from Brunswick [located 15 miles south of Wilmington on the Cape Fear River] to Wilmington in his Barge with all the parade peculiar to that kind of Gentry .... That the Ceremony might be attended with the greatest Pomp the Militia of the Neighborhood to the No of abt 2000 as is said appeared under Arms to receive his Excelly'
"According to an account of the event published in the Maryland Gazette, the New Hanover militia as well as the mayor, aldermen, and Gentlemen of the town lined the streets leading from the wharf to the governor’s house and saluted Tryon by the Discharge of 17 Pieces of Artillery. Although at first welcomed by the people of Wilmington, Tryon changed their mood when he stressed in his inaugural speech the Necessity of America’s helping her Mother and begged the people to receive the Stamps. The audience responded with a general Hiss which became an ominous cheer when a merchant ship in the harbor, in violation of naval law, unfurled the Irish national flag. According to the account of Samuel Johnston, this act of defiance nigh turned the Coronation Farce into a very Serious Tragedy. When Captain Phipps, the British officer despised by local residents because of his attempt to land stamped papers, ordered his men to seize the Irish flag, a number of townspeople decided to get it back. Johnston’s chronicle of the ensuing events is full of detail and drama:
'{Phipps’s capture of the Irish flag] so affronted not only the sailors but the Townsmen and Militiamen that they insulted the Capt. as he went to his Lodgings, hauled up the Boat to the Court house and were about to set fire to her when it was proposed by some of the more moderate to spare the boat for the Captain’s Releasing the Colours which was agreed to on Condition it was done within 15 Minutes, this was complied with. They then manned the Boat as if on the Water and dragged her round the Town till they came under the Window of Capt. Phipps’ Lodgings where they made a stand to insult him, The Gov.r who was in the house harangued the mob from one of the Windows in such a State as exasperated them as much agst. him as they had been agst. the Capt. they then Launched the Boat into the water and collected themselves Round an Ox and 6 or 7 Barrells of punch which had been given by his Excelly. they immediately broke in the heads of the Barrels of Punch and let run into the street, put the head of the Ox in the Pillory and gave the Carcass to the Negroes. This was what the Gov.rs Vanity could by no means brook in so much that when the Corporation of Wilmington offered to address him in order to exculpate themselves he refused to see their Recorder or hear their Address and it’s said he’d determined to leave that place and settle at New Bern. Capt. Phipps went down to bring up his ship [from Brunswick] in order to blow the Town to pieces and when my informer came from Wilmington had got as far as the Flats [at Old Town Creek] where he was taking out his Ballast..'
"Captain Phipps never carried out his threat to fire on the town, nor did any official in London, so far as is known, ever learn about the ill-starred inauguration of the governor. Tryon cryptically wrote the British ministry on December 26 that North Carolinians had been as assiduous in obstructing the reception of the Stamps as any of the Inhabitants. But he withheld any details of their rebellious activities. The governor may have hoped to avoid discrediting his government by deliberately failing to mention the lawless behavior of the colony. Yet, if Tryon lost face in Wilmington on December 20, he retaliated in a way that truly harmed the town. Residents hoped that the town would be chosen as the site for the proposed new capital, but after his stormy inauguration there, Tryon and the assembly apparently decided to establish the colonial capital at New Bern.
The explosive incident at Wilmington on December 20 offered striking proof that in certain circumstances even the governor of North Carolina, the colony’s chief police officer, would do nothing to preserve order. The New Hanover militia, ordinarily an arm of the law, had insulted a captain of the royal navy and made a mockery of the governor’s inaugural celebration, accomplishing all without any obvious fear of reprisal. On the following day, according to Samuel Johnston’s missive of January 9, 1766, the corporation of Wilmington did attempt to extend an official apology to the governor, but apparently no persons were arrested, no townspeople were punished."
Source Information: Spindel, Donna J. "Road to Revolution: Law and Disorder, The North Carolina Stamp Act Crisis", Vol. 57. pp 1-16. The Colonial Records Project, Historical Publications Section, North Carolina Department of Archives and History, State of North Carolina. March 31, 2005. http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hp/colonial/Nchr/Subjects/spindel1.htm
"Some stress must also be laid upon the tradition and local history concerning him. Parson Earle's memory is still held in great veneration through all this section, and but a few years have passed since there were old people living in this county who bore testimony to his patriotism and virtues. The life of a Tory in this liberty-loving section could hardly have had such a glorious sunset. He was the exponent of the popular sentiment here then, and was selected to preside over a revolutionary meeting of the freeholders and other citizens of Chowan county in the court house at Edenton, August 23, 1774, among whom were such patriots as Joseph Hewes, Samuel Johnston and Thomas Benbury, and who passed resolutions condemning the Boston Port Act and the unjust imposition of tax upon the colonies."
Source Information: Drane, Robert Brent Rev. The Religious and Historic Commemoration of the of the Two Hundred Years of St. Paul's Parish, Edenton, NC. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, Book and Job Printers, May 24, 1901. North Carolina Digital and Fiction Library, Joyner Library, East Carolina University. Mar 31, 2005. http://www.lib.ecu.edu/ncc/historyfiction/document/war/entire.html
"This truthful enlogium may well be applied to North Carolina, for the men who fought for and framed her Constitution were earliest and devoted friends to the cause of Free Masonry. Among her Grand Masters were Samuel Johnston, [1788,] Richard Caswell, [from 1789 to '92,] Wm. R. Davie, ['92 to 1799,] William Polk, [1800 to 1802,] John Louis Taylor, [1803,] John Hall, [1804,] Robert Strange, [1824,] Edwin G. Reade, [1865,] Robert B. Vance, [1866.]
These distinguished men were proud to lay aside for a time the sword of the soldier, the ermine of the judge, and the laurels of the statesman, to labor as fellow-crafts in the cause of "Free and Accepted Masons."
The craft is in a flourishing condition in North Carolina. There are now about 400 Lodges and about 12,000 members, sustaining in asylums at Oxford and Mars Hill 134 orphans, and advocated by the Orphans' Friend, a periodical."
Source Information: Wheeler, John H. Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians. Columbus, OH: Columbus Printing Works, 1884. 11. March 31, 2005. http://www.researchonline.net/nccw/bios/wheeler.htm
"There are but few sections of the states in in which have resided men more illustrious for ability, or who have written their names more indelibly in the history of their country.
Among the first of these is Samuel Johnston; born 1733, died 1816. He was a native of Dundee, Scotland, the son of John Johnston and Helen Serymsour. His father in 1736, followed Gabriel Johnston, who was his brother, and who was in 1834 the governor of the province of North Carolina, and after whom Johnstone County is called. He died July 17th, 1752.
He was a Scotchman by birth, a man of liberal views, and a physician by profession. He married Penelope, the only child of Governor Eden, and his grandson, William Johnstone Dawson, distinguished for his acquirements and talents, in 1793 represented the Edenton district in congress, and with Willie Jones, Joseph McDowell, Thomas Blount and James Martin, was on the committee in 1791 to fix a permanent place for the seat of government. He died in 1798; an event universally regretted.
John, his brother, was appointed surveyor-general of the province, and settled in Onslow County, whilst the subject of this sketch was yet an infant. His advantages of education were the best the country afforded. He studied law in Edenton, under Thomas Barker, and resided at Hays, near Edenton. When only nineteen he was appointed one of the clerks of the superior court for the district, and afterwards deputy naval officer for the port.
Although holding this position, he was the ardent and unflinching advocate of the rights of the people.
In 1773, he was appointed with Caswell, Harnett and Hooper a committee of correspondence with the other colonies on the subject of the conduct of England towards the colonies.
In a dispatch from Governor Martin to the Earl of Dartmouth, of September 1st, 1774, he thus speaks of the influence and the character of Mr. Johnston:
'I have known the general assembly to sacrifice everything to a faction.
Four of them, namely Currituck, Perquimons, Pasquotank and Chowan, send each five members; Tyrell, Bertie and Martin send eight, besides one for Edenton. These are always led by a man or two. They are now absolutely under the guidance of a Mr. Johnstone, who is deputy naval officer, and was one of the clerks of the superior courts while they existed in the province, who, under the prejudices of a New England education, is by no means a friend of the government, having taken a foremost part in all the late opposition, joined with the Southern interest, which at present supports a Mr. Ashe.
Your lordship will not be surprised to hear that the people of this province have followed the example of the rest of the continent in caballing and forming resolutions against the measures of the Government.'
* Colonial Documents, Rolls Office, p. 184.
As was to be expected, Governor Martin suspended Mr. Johnston from office, which drew from him the following dignified letter, now on file in the Rolls Office in London:
EDENTON, November 16th, 1775.
'SIR: I have this day had the honor of receiving your excellency's letter, signifying that you had been pleased to suspend me from acting as deputy to Mr. Turner, in the Naval office, with the reasons for such removal, and it gives me pleasure that I do not find neglect of the duties of my office in the catalogue of my crimes; at the same time I hold myself obliged to you for the polite manner in which you are pleased to express yourself of my private character. You will pardon me for saying that I had reason to complain of the invidious point of view in which you place my public transactions, when you state that 'the late meeting of the inhabitants of this province at Hillsboro, was a body of my own creation.'
Your excellency cannot be ignorant that I was a mere instrument on this occasion, under the direction of the people; a people among whom I have long resided, who have on all occasions placed the greatest confidence in me, and to whom I am bound by gratitude (that powerful and inviolate tie in every honest mind,) to render any service they can demand of me, in defense of what they esteem their rights, at the risk of my life and property.
You will further, sir, be pleased to understand, that I never considered myself in that honorable light in which you place me--'one of the King's servants,' being entirely unknown to those who have the disposal of the King's favors. I never enjoyed, nor had I right to expect, any office under His Majesty. The office I held, and for some years exercised under the deputation of Mr. Turner, was an honest purchase for which I paid punctually an annual sum, and which I shall continue to pay until the expiration of the term for which I would have held it, agreeably to our contract.
Permit me, sir, to add that had all the King's servants in this province been as well informed as to the disposition of the inhabitants, as they might have been, or taken the same pains to promote peace, good order, and obedience to the laws, that I flatter myself I have done, the source of your excellency's unceasing lamentations had never existed; or had it existed, it would have been in so small a degree that e'er this it would have been nearly exhausted.
But, sir, a recapitulation of past errors, which it is now too late to correct, would be painful to me, and might appear impertinent to you; I shall therefore decline the ungracious task, and by and with all due respect, subscribe myself,
Your excellency's most
obedient, humble servant,
SAMUEL JOHNSTONE.'
"He was a member from Chowan in 1775, to the provincial congress of the state, and succeeded, on the death of John Harvey, as moderator or president.
He was present at Halifax at the formation of the constitution in November, 1776, and although not a member, afforded all the aid of his experience and ability to develope the conservative features of that instrument. To many of the principles adopted, he was opposed, fearing the departure from the forms long established and practiced was too great to be useful.
In 1780 to 1782, he was a member of the Continental Congress.*
While a member of the Continental Congress he was elected to the high honor of president of that body; but he was compelled to forego this distinction because of the condition of his finances. This compelled his return to North Carolina, and he had thus to forego what was then the highest civil function in America--Journal of Continental Congress.
In 1787, he was elected governor of the state. He was an ardent and enthusiastic admirer of the constitution of the United States, and presided at the convention. held July 21st, 1788, to consider that instrument, but it was rejected by that body. In 1779, he and Benjamin Hawkins were elected the first senators from North Carolina in the Congress of the United States: here they served till 1793.
In February, 1800, he was appointed one of the judges of the superior courts of law and equity, which he resigned in November, 1803 He died in 1816.
Governor Johnston was mentally and physically "every inch a man." His intellect was of the highest order, cultivated by learning and experience. His person was imposing, of a large and powerful frame, erect and stately in his carriage, and of iron will. He joined the graces of the scholar with the wisdom of the statesman.*
He was a devoted advocate of masonry, and was in 1788, grand master of the order in the state.*
* 'In the lodge room at Edenton,' says Mr. Banks in the Observer, there is a remarkable chair of heavy mahogany, carved with all the emblems of masonry, with the words, "virtute et silento." This chair is the one which General Washington occupied at Williamsburg. Va., and was deposited here during the revolutionary war for safety. It is a venerable relic, and possesses the reverence and regard of all masons.'
He married Frances Cathcart, and had issue, among them James C. Johnston, who lived near Edenton, and died during the war between the states, about 1864, one of the wealthiest men of the state. He was so decidedly opposed to secession that he disinherited all his relatives, because they identified themselves with this war, and left his property, amounting to many millions, to his personal friends. At the outbreak of the war he freed his slaves. He was a great admirer of Henry Clay, whose debts, to a large amount, Mr. Johnston discharged without Mr. Clay's knowledge; nor was Mr. Clay ever able to ascertain who was his benefactor. His will was contested by his legal heirs, on the ground of his being non compos mentis.
Source Information: Wheeler, John H. Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians. Columbus, OH: Columbus Printing Works, 1884. 118-120. March 31, 2005. http://www.researchonline.net/nccw/bios/wheeler.htm
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1733 - 1816 (82 years)
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